Since the pioneering reports of Ellis (1884, 1885) and Stumpf (1901), studies of Southeast Asian tunings have been methodologically problematic. Abstract numbers, empirical measurements, indigenous claims, and perceptual ...

Construed non-numerically (Rahn 2011, 2012, 2013), the following normal-Forte-order formulations accurately model southeast Asian fixed-frequency tunings: sléndro 11111…, the ‘usual’ pentatonic 22323…, Thai pentatonic ...